Understanding Citizenship With Respect to the Fourteenth Amendment

By Charles Wheeler

The text of the fourteenth amendment states, "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."

The amendment was enacted on July 9, 1868, partially for the purpose of overruling the Dred Scott decision by the Supreme Court in 1857. The purpose of the amendment was to include the newly freed slaves and their offspring as citizens of the United States. Up until that time, slaves were not considered citizens of the states where they lived, and therefore, they could not hold citizenship in the United States.

Another purpose of the amendment was to insure that the newly passed Civil Rights Bill of 1866 would hold up in court rules. It stated in part, "people born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power are entitled to be citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude", would hold up in court. Although President Andrew Johnson had vetoed this bill two times, the second time the veto was overridden by a two-thirds majority in Congress and became law. In order for this law to withstand the many court cases it faced, the fourteenth amendment was introduced.

The first sentence in the amendment did not produce much controversy. It announced that citizenship would be granted to one born within the boundaries of the United States. It also granted state citizenship concurrently. There was controversy, however, in the second part of the amendment. It guaranteed "due process" and "equal protection" at the state level. During the Civil War, there were contracts signed and debt incurred with states in the south whose federal government no longer existed.

Some though the controversy was strong enough that the amendment had no chance of passing. At its core was the belief that the Bill of Rights limited the power of the Federal government over states, and the words in the fourteenth amendment seemed to tell the states what they could no longer deny.

In the end the fourteenth amendment stood, and was reckoned not to add any new limitations to the rights of the states. Today, the controversy over the fourteenth amendment is based on who was intended to be granted citizenship. The Civil Rights Bill of 1866 stated that citizenship was granted to those, "not subject to any foreign power". However this language is not found in the fourteenth amendment.

New questions have emerged that need to be worked out is over this issue. Does the fourteenth amendment grant citizenship to those born in the United States to those who are in the United States with no legal status? Certainly, to a slave in this country in the 1860's, the answer was intended to be, "yes". However, was it the intent to grant the same rights to those who are entering this country without legal status, today?

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The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and the Current Debate Over Immigration

By Charles Wheeler

The fourteenth amendment to the United States, adopted in 1868, grants citizenship to those born within the boundaries of the country. However, there initially were many cases, through the United States history, that Congress passed laws that affected the provisions of the particular amendment. One of those laws became referred to as Chinese Exclusion Act, passed in 1882.

The Chinese immigrants came mostly to the west coast of the United States. Because of the gold rush in San Francisco, in 1849, the total number of immigrants from China greatly increased. The majority of those who came during this time period were working men. There was a greater dependence on cheap labor, plus the Chinese men came here to function in various labor-intensive job capacities.

Therefore, there was no need to increase infrastructure at that time. Institutions, such as schools, did not see much of an increase because not many immigrant children came into the country at that time. Hospitals did not see much of demand for services, because most of the immigrants were healthy, working-aged men.

The act, stated specifically that "laborers skilled and unskilled utilized by mining" could well be excluded from entering the United States for an entire decade. This serious case of discrimination was almost unprecedented in laws being passed in those days by Congress. The immigrant families were faced with either breaking apart their families, or returning to China to keep the families together.

One immediate effect the passage of the law had, was which it provoked large-scale human smuggling. Since workers were denied entrance into the United States, they were smuggled in. Other unintended consequences of the law came following the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco. The town hall was destroyed as well as the official records. Chinese men claimed status due to family ties to other Chinese-Americans, along with their claims could not be disproved because of the destruction of a multitude of official records.

The law was overturned by the Magnuson Act in 1943. Although the Magnuson Act granted citizenship to immigrants currently residing in the country, it denied them the ability to own land or property. This was not repealed fully until 1965.

The influence on the immigration with this act was the lesson never to allow legalized discrimination. The fallout from the passage of the bill in 1882 caused more hardship and regret than it did help any cause. While there is still much debate over what to do about the numerous individuals who currently are now living in the United States without having legal status, the lesson of this law from the nineteenth century reminds us not to pass any law discriminating against any particular nationality or race of an individual.

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Accident claims on the up, statistics show

By Ethan S. Jenkins

There is an ongoing debate about whether we live in a 'compensation culture'. The multitude of adverts on TV and radio reminding people they might be able to make a claim, along with the unsolicited phone calls and text messages many people receive, would suggest that there is some truth to the notion that the legal profession is being taken over by so-called 'ambulance chasers'. But, as anyone who has been seriously hurt in an accident that wasn't their fault will tell you, compensation can make a real difference, and it also provides an important means of holding those at fault to account.

Even though our roads are getting safer, injury claims relating to traffic accidents went up by 18% last year. And even though medicine is getting more advanced, and our hospitals getting cleaner, the amount of compensation paid out by the NHS rose to a massive 1.325 billion last year.

Last year, the NHS Litigation Authority estimates it paid out 1.325 billion in compensation to victims of negligence, many of whom pursued their claims on a no win, no fee basis. As a result, lawyers raked in over 230 million in fees.

Against this background, the government has declared something of a war on the personal injury claims industry, epitomised by its promise to get rid of the no win, no fee (or conditional fee agreement) system next year. The objective, we are told, is to stop people making claims unnecessarily, and reduce the cost to the taxpayer by reducing the bill for public sector organisations like the NHS.

Unfortunately, however, the byproduct of this will be that people who don't have the financial means to fund a claim (that they have no guarantee will succeed) will not be able to go to court at all. That means that the most vulnerable members of society won't have the same access to justice in personal injury cases as those with a higher income, undermining the democratic principles on which our judicial system is supposed to be founded. It remains to be seen exactly how this change to the law will play out, but anyone interested in standing up for their rights would be well-advised to keep following this story.

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What Does The Union Flag Civil War Symbolize

By Thelma Kent

The 'Union', is the term used for the US Federal Government at the time of the American Civil War. It was supported by twenty states and five border states. It's main opponent are the eleven southern states, which are also 'slave states', like the five border states. Hence, the union flag civil war was created to represent the US Federal Government during that war.

The banner had only 34 stars on it initially. The stars represented the thirty four states that are on the United States Federal Government's side. They added the 35th star, after they were joined by another state, which was West Virginia.

Back then, the stars were not arranged like they are now. The symbolic banner also went through a number of changes during that period. The only feature that was not changed are its white and red stripes. The stripes represent the thirteen colonies of Great Britain, who announced their independence from the British government. These are the first 13 states of the US Federal Government.

The symbolic banner now has 50 stars which represent the country's states. Its white and red stripes are still present, and have not changed at all. The 49th and 50th stars were added after Hawaii and Alaska were declared as states in the late 1950s.

The US is known to be rich in culture. Their banner symbolizes the unity of the states who fought to gain their freedom. After the last two states were added in 1958, there were no further changes made to their country's symbol.

The union flag civil war can be considered as the country's first official banner. It is a reminder to every US citizen how their freedom was won, and how the states helped each other to fight for their independence as a whole. To date, there are politicians who are eager in getting Puerto Rico proclaimed as a new addition to the states of America. If this happens, the flag will gain its fifty first star.

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Immigration Reform and Control Act and the Effect on the Labor Market

By Charles Wheeler

The immigration laws, passed in the twentieth century, that molded the inflow of people from various countries, started with rules to deal only with numbers, and not work-related abilities. Two regulations were introduced in the 1920's that imposed quotas on people entering into the United States from other nations.

They were the Emergency Quota Act of 1917, and the Immigration Act of 1924. The former, passed by Woodrow Wilson and an overwhelming majority in Congress, barred entrance of "undesirables" including individuals with mental illnesses and those under sixteen years of age who were illiterate. That law also introduced the ability to read a text as a condition of citizenship.

The Bracero Program of 1942, enacted into law by Franklin Roosevelt, was a migrant worker plan, enabling laborers from Latin America to enter into the United States to work on farms, only. Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, added deportation to people suspected of being a Communist sympathizer. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 was the first legislation to do away with limits based on national origin, and to give precedence to individuals with immediate family already in the country. This law also ended those entering through the Bracero Program, and prompted the first wave of illegal immigrants from Latin America, a result of the lack of ability to enter under the migrant worker program.

The Immigration Reform and Control Act, or IRCA, was initiated to deal with the influx of illegal workers who began to come into the United States soon after the termination of the migrant worker program. The regulation stated that employers who knowingly employed illegal laborers would be considered responsible. The regulation also set up the I-9 form as a means of confirming status for working.

The immediate consequence that the passing of the IRCA had on hiring practices was minimal. Employers continued hiring practices with those of unverified status, and the I-9 forms were not actively enforced. There was a move to the hiring of subcontractors as opposed to direct hiring. This allowed the employer to not have to deal with the status of the workers. Rather, the subcontracting firm was responsible for legal status of its workers. The laborer suffered a decrease in wages, as subcontractors held a portion of the worker's pay to cover overhead expenses.

The reform act known as IRCA is still in force, today. Little is being done to verify the information supplied on the I-9 forms. When a worker is suspected of not having legal status, the enforcement is largely imposed upon the laborer, and not on the employer. There is need change the immigration laws so that they come into line with what is practiced, or for stricter enforcement of statues currently in place. Having one set of laws, and a separate practice for enforcement is not a good way to control immigration.

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The In Depth Underlying Of Civil War Flags

By Thelma Kent

Since time in memorial warfare has been a form of existence and interaction between various communities or nations in the world. With the known use of deadly weapons and equipment, other aspects such as civil war flags have been put in use too especially at the front row in battlefields.

The symbolism that came along with them is what offered true meaning to what would happen as time goes by. This symbolism varied from one community to another depending on their views. It was not standard or similar in any way among the rivals. Each party had its underlying views which they could not go against.

They came into existence since they embody the core values and myth that a society sees to be critical and great importance. This means that, no single community lacked its own flag once there was a declaration of a battle with other communities within the surrounding areas.

In addition to this, it was a great pride to be associated with it. It location being at the front would attract large number of soldiers to sacrifice their lives in defending it. The individuals designated to carry the banners were chosen from the act of bravery in the group.

In selecting the designs, the relevant color for it was seriously taken into consideration. Different colors have different meanings hence, the most suitable one with regards to the true reflection of the people of that particular area had to be considered. The color chosen had also to be different from those of the enemies in order to draw clear lines between the rival parties.

In conclusion, loss of civil war flags was seen as an act of disgrace and intimidation. Normally, the enemies would come for the flag as their first target when an ambush occurs. In doing so, it was viewed as a form of triumph in the other camps. Therefore, this was viewed as the most priced asset of great importance during fighting.

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Members Of The Council Government

By Chloe Gib

Virginia Beach council has formed a council to run it. It is formed by the people of the area through elections. There are several districts within it and each one of them has a representative. The Virginia Beach City Government is in charge of this entire area and is involved in the running of businesses.

The elected members are eleven in number. Each term is four years long so members are elected to stay for this period before general elections are carried out. Election Day is usually on the Tuesday that comes after the first Monday of each November of an election year. Members of the county who vote have to be registered voters.

Each district gets a representative. The districts are as follows, Rose Hall, Kempsville, Beach, Princess Anne, Bayside, Centerville and Lynnhaven. Each gets a residing representative. There are three more members and a mayor. These three do not have to be residents of any particular district.

The council holds informal sessions before the formal ones. Agenda for each meeting is open to the members of the public and the meetings begin according to their agenda. This is what determines how long the meeting may be so they are used to set the commencement time.

Every meeting is aired on cable for the public to watch the proceedings. For those who miss them there are reruns made available. This is in a bid to keep everything public. This way there are no secrets and every member of this city gets to know the decisions made and how each was arrived at.

If anyone suffers from a physical, hearing or visual impairment they can be involved in the proceedings too. These people need to make the clerk in charge of it aware beforehand and the right methods are put in place. That way they also get to follow the proceedings without any problems. This is a bid to cover every member of this city equally.

Virginia Beach City Council services offer numerous services. The government is not only available to its members but also available to visitors. If anyone needs anything from them they should just go to their offices and find out about it. If it is not available at that moment the governing body will strive to get the answers and deliver it as a part of their service.

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Alaskan History Is Full Of Fun And Interesting Facts

By Elinor Tran

Alaskan history is full of rich and interesting stories and facts. Alaska officially became a state on January 3rd, 1959. It was accepted into the Union as state number 49. It was originally bought from Russia in 1867, by the U. S. Secretary of State William Seward.

Seward had many critics from the start. The state was named Seward's Folly for some time at first. People did not believe in Alaska's land being worth anything. To much joy and surprise, by the 1890's gold had been found in Alaska and settlers came from all over to the state.

Alaska Day is celebrated on October 18th. It is the official day that William Seward signed the papers making Alaska a state. Many places in Alaska are named for the Secretary of State William Seward including a creek and several roads, mountains, glaciers, a peninsula and a passageway are all named for him.

Affectionately called by its people the Land of the Midnight Sun, there is more night than daylight during the winter months. Because of its rugged terrain, much of the state has not been explored and is sometimes called the Last Frontier. The motto it's citizens go by is North To The Future which actually means the land of promise. It's motto was first created in 1967 by a Juneau newsman who thought it up during the Alaskan Purchase Centennial.

Jon Ben Benson, at thirteen years of age, created the design for the state flag in 1927. He designed it with two star formations. The Big Dipper and The North Star surrounded by a sea of dark blue adorn the flag of Alaska.

alaskan history is clear that it was in the beginning a district, then grew into a territory, and finally obtained statehood in 1959. Many natural resources are abundant in Alaska such as oil and gold. Agriculture and fishing along with railroads play an important role in the economy of the state as well. All of these important aspects of Alaska can be seen represented on the state's seal.

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What Rights Do Individual States Have in Immigration Issues?

By Charles Wheeler

Recently, the Supreme Court of the United States issued a ruling on the Arizona immigration law known as Arizona SB 1070 where the state of Arizona desired the ability to assist federal law enforcers on matters of immigration. The Arizona law basically reiterated federal law, and being passed at the state level, allowed state law enforcers to have jurisdiction over the matters contained in the bill.

The Supreme Court handed down a ruling 5-3 to uphold portions of the Arizona legislation, and also ruled that parts of the state law were preempted by federal law. In their ruling, Justices Scalia and Thomas expressed their position in which the legislation should have been completely supported or struck down, as a whole. Justice Scalia wrote, "Even in its international relations, the federal government must live with the inconvenient fact that it is a union of independent states, who have their own sovereign powers".

Various states have laws regarding immigration that may be now considered to be upheld or preempted by the same ruling. In North Carolina, for example, a recent bill was introduced outlawing the use of federal consular documents as legally suitable identification for immigrants. Also a senate bill was introduced stating that illegal immigrants were ineligible to be given public assistance.

In Georgia, a measure that is awaiting the governor's approval includes items similar to the Arizona law. It allows for the state to detain and punish undocumented immigrants, and to penalize any who would transport individuals they knew to be in the country unlawfully.

Alabama is right now debating a law that requires the names of men and women brought before the court with allegations of illegal immigration, to be published and released to the public. This regulation has popular favor, but is opposed by certain groups dealing with civil rights, and the potential for doing harm to legal citizens.

In South Carolina, a measure was agreed upon, much like the Arizona legislation, that allows state law personnel to request identification from individuals involved with other infractions. They are authorized to detain those without legal identification. The matter that is being brought up is that the thousands of employees on the coastal area of South Carolina are going to be afraid to show up for work, and that the positions will be left unattended. The fear is that this will disrupt the summer tourist season in that region.

The Supreme Court decision on the Arizona measure has done little to support or impede the efforts of the individual states as they attempt to deal with the many-faceted matter of immigration. Perhaps a more robust action by the federal government is what is at some point essential in helping solve some of these situations.

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Legislation Aimed At Eliminating Country Quotas to Apply for Green Card

By Charles Wheeler

Recently there has been legislation passed by the House of Representatives that is aimed at eliminating the quotas put on individual countries regarding how many green cards can be issued to people from that particular country. The system, as it stands, has a limit on the total number of green cards which can be issued in one year.

Individual countries are assigned a percentage of that total number. Large countries, like India and China, each receive seven-percent of the total number of green cards. Smaller countries receive a smaller percentage of the whole.

The problem with the system is that the percentages that are assigned are not in line with the population of the countries, nor do they take into account the demand differences. Some countries, such as India, have a high demand for green cards, and they are a very large country. Even though the get 7% of all green cards issued, that is not nearly enough to keep up with demand, and so the waiting list of applicants from Indians can be as long as 7 years.

Countries with smaller populations, such as Bulgaria, receive a smaller percentage of the total green cards issued. However, there is also a much smaller demand for green cards per capita from their country. As a result, smaller countries typically see a waiting list of only 6 months before their applicants receive their green cards.

The recent legislation would eliminate quotas and put all applicants into one pool. The waiting time for every applicant will generally become the average waiting time of everyone, today. Those who are from large countries will see a measurable decrease in their waiting time, and the ones from small countries will be a fairly dramatic development of their waiting time.

This legislation is favored by the larger countries and opposed by the smaller countries. There is also opposition from a group of legislatures who only want comprehensive immigration reform, and not piece-by-piece legislation. They are against laws addressing only partial issues of the immigration program.

This author thinks that the immigration issue cannot be seen as one issue. Immigration is really many issues that must be dealt with one-at-a-time. To answer those who want one solution to the immigration problems facing our country, it seems unlikely that one solution exists.

It will take guidance and leadership to straighten out the the immigration concerns. A good place to start is to divide up the immigration issues into smaller pieces, and address one-at-a-time instead of everything, all at once.

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Aztec Empire History

By Eddie Montezuma

The story of the Aztec empire starts with the downwards spiral and the ultimate fall of the Toltec civilization, which happened in the course of the 10th or 11th century. Hundreds of people went to the central plateau region circling lake Texcoco in Mexico. These folks, (or immigrants, as they can be referred to as) were the Aztecs indians and they were essentially the most current addition that place, so these individuals received the worst pickings in regards to choice of land to stay. They got the swampy location on the western side of the Lake Texcoco as their territory and this part of the lake was the worst looking and least suitable for living in the entire region.

The Cactus, Eagle, And Snake Legend

So even from the start, the Aztecs lived in disadvantageous conditions and no one believed that they may be capable of what they were about to do in the years to come. But, the Aztecs themselves knew, or had faith that their fate will alter for the better and fate's wheels will eventually turn. The Aztec's belief in a particular legend enabled this "underdog" group of individuals to turn into an extremely powerful and well-known empire in only the length of two centuries.

The legend that they believed in with all their hearts was this: the Aztec people would create a really powerful civilization in a swampy location where they would see a cactus sprouting out of a rock and on that cactus an eagle will be perched while eating a snake. The priests or the religious leaders supposedly saw this the first time they went to the shores of lake Texcoco so this probably strengthened their faiths and in turn, they were able to build an empire that will be known for ages to come. The Aztec people's belief in that certain legend was so powerful that even today all of Mexico's money has the cactus, serpent and eagle on it.

Tenochtitlan - The Pillar Of Aztec Empire

So just like any flourishing group of folks, the Aztecs grew in number, thus, they had been able to create a powerful military force and a lot of civil organizations. They were then able to create Tenochtitlan, a city which is located in present day Mexico City.

Bear in mind how when they initially arrived, the Aztecs received the worst pickings on the subject of territory? Well, they were able to switch things around and they even employed the shallow lake bed and turn it into "chinampas". Chinampas are some sort of garden that was produced by piling up the mud found at the bottom of the lake in order to make artificial islands.

The Aztecs empire grew to be an incredibly productive and powerful due in part to the individuals who took the reigns and ruled Aztec people into an advanced civilization. Rulers of Tenochtitlan teamed up with two other cities - Texcoco and Tlacopan to be able to develop into more powerful. They, together, eventually had total control of the Valley of Mexico. However it was clear that among the three, Tenochtitlan was the strongest and the driving force. Wonderful leaders which had been known as Huey Tlatoani would rule the land for a lot of years.

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The writer is enthusiastic about Aztec history and has a complete website featuring the Aztecs. There you are able to obtain information about Aztecs which includes aztec empire. For more of Aztec history, see economy of the aztecs.

The Rights and Responsibilities of Green Card Holders

By Charles Wheeler

The phrase "green card" actually refers to the issuing of a permanent residence card, officially from the INS form I-151 application. The reason is took on the name "green card" is because the olive green background that the card possessed, specifically from 1946 through 1964, and again starting in 2010.

The holder of a permanent residence card, or green card, obtains certain rights in the United States. Among them, would be the right to stay in the nation indefinitely, the ability to work on any kind of job for that they are qualified for, and also the right to obtain citizenship following a certain period of time, depending on their situation.

There are several classifications for eligibility of residency. They are grouped into three categories. The first is the family qualification. An applicant can apply for a a residence card if there are immediate family members who are either citizens or permanent residents.

There is a group of classifications that have to do with employment. If a worker can locate certain work, or if an employer chooses to sponsor a worker, there are eligible ways for applying for a residency.

The third group is for refugees or asylum seekers. Each of these three categories also has quotas set on how many residents can enter in a certain year. The selection of applicants typically exceeds these limits, and the waiting time for an applicant can be varying from a couple weeks to several years, depending on the form of eligibility used on their application.

Other rights afforded to card holders are the rights to petition for a family member to enter the country. A resident pays taxes and is eligible for public assistance. One can also start paying in on the Social Security program and expect to receive benefits from that program once eligible.

Penalties also exist where one can lose their issued card. The holder must obey laws and not be found guilty of any crime. If one has entered the country on account of relationship to a spouse, that relationship must continue for a chosen period of time. Likewise, if an individual entered under employment eligibility, the term of employment must go on for a specified amount of time.

If a card holder takes a job in another country, their residence ends in this country. If one leaves the country and does not return for one year, the process must start again. Finally, if they are caught not paying taxes, their residency is revoked.

Many people seek to enter the United States in a legal manner. By doing so, they are afforded certain rights and a path to citizenship. This is seen as an honorable opportunity by most.

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The State Law in Arizona and States Rights on Immigration

By Charles Wheeler

On April 13, 2010, the state of Arizona enacted an immigration law where the intent was to permit state law enforcement to handle some situations with respect to immigration status. The law included the language as the federal law, however, the Constitution grants the Federal Government the authority to manage immigration. This state law has since caused a good measure of controversy.

There are issues concerning immigration, itself. There are legal issues over the ability of a State to govern its own borders. There is the concern over giving a state the authority to do what the Constitution intended for the Federal Government to handle.

The matters specific to Arizona have to do with the closeness to Mexico, and specifically the long land boundary which they have in common. The southern boundary of Arizona is essentially desert and sparsely inhabited. There aren't any good sized population centers near the national boundaries for hundreds of miles. In actuality, the southern border of Arizona is a political marker only, not following any natural land masses or rivers. This makes the boundary impossible to identify from the ground.

Because of this, the area is commonly utilized for illegal entrance to the United States from Mexico. The broad land area offers miles of wide open space to cross without regular patrols to safeguard the border. In the 1990's, an estimated 80,000 individuals who had entered through the border illegally were estimated to be residing in Arizona. By 2010, that amount had increased to nearly 500,000.

The priority to the Arizona state government was the lack of measures taken by the federal law enforcement agencies. Whatever the reasons were for the absence of federal action, Arizona needed to employ their own state law enforcement personnel in handling immigration issues. To achieve this, they needed to have a bill enacted at the state level. The law was introduced in the state senate as SB 1070, and became identified as "Arizona SB 1070".

The objections to the law included a law suit by the Attorney General of the United States that ended up being heard by the Supreme Court. In a 5-3 decision, portions of the law were upheld, and other parts were reckoned to be preempted by the federal law. By preserving parts of the state law, the state law officials in Arizona can ask for legitimate documents while responding to individuals possibly breaking the law.

Ultimately, the dilemma of state rights on enforcement of immigration matters was neither strengthened nor weakened by the Supreme Court decision. Arizona law enforcers can help with immigration situations to a certain degree, and this was the original purpose of the passing the law. Creating an environment where everyone in the state is in good standing with the law will require a longer period of time to obtain.

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The Appeal Of Joining Unions

By Agnes Franco

Workers around the world today are increasingly more concerned with their rights and ability to be protected from various workplace complications. Workers within any field often perceive that their companies are unwilling and able to provide the specific demands that they feel should be met on a regular basis. Anyone managing this concern should know the advantages of joining unions Australia to sort out their basic issues.

Union organizations are designed with specific classifications and groups of workers as part of a organizational effort to provide guidance and a voice to all members. Collaborations of this kind are focused on the rights and protection of their members when performing their daily functions and needs. Joining these groups is usually made an option upon being hired at a company.

Workers in Australia are faced with quite a few options when considering this particular group based effort. Many employees are unsure if joining this type of group is the right decision for them to make or not. Keeping the benefits of joining in mind helps anyone make the most appropriate decision for their needs.

Enhanced protection of rights is one of the main sources of appeal in joining this type of group. Working with the employer to ensure that all basic needs of each employee is quite effective at ensuring everyone has what they need. Increased protection of this kind ensures that all issues are successfully worked through when present.

Employees that are part of the collaborative groups in their industry are often paid much higher than others. The wages that are negotiated by the groups are much higher and based on a market based scale. The benefits packages are also much more comprehensive in what is offered.

unions Australia are associated with the appeal of being affordable to join. Participating in these groups is made available by paying very minimal rates on a per paycheck basis. Members often feel the low fees are well worth what they offer.

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Aztec History

By Eddie Montezuma

Aztec history is actually a storied and rich one. The Aztec men and women once lived in the location that nowadays is generally known as the south central area of Mexico. They were initially migrants who had difficulty surviving and once were even captured and employed as slaves. They eventually produced their home in the Mesoamerica highlands.

Tenochtitlan

In 1325, the Aztec people witnessed an eagle with a snake in its talons on a cactus, near Lake Texcoco. The Aztec saw this as an omen that this region was to turn into their homeland and their area's capital city. They named the capital Tenochtitlan. The city was surrounded by swamps and water. To make this area livable, they had been compelled to drain the surrounding waters, which they had been able to do.

Aztec Food

The Aztec successfully lived off of the land by hunting, gathering, fishing and planting crops. The land was extremely abundant and fish (near the rivers), shrimp and crabs (close to the ocean) were not in short supply. The Aztec were also able to domesticate crops. Essentially the most prevalent, being bananas, pumpkin, sweet potatoes, cocoa and maize, among others.

Aztec Military

The Aztec were also a fighting people. They used war to catch people so they could sacrifice them to Huitzilpochti, their major god. They also fought and semi-colonized other tribes. They pushed them to financially aid the Aztec elite. These tribes had been essential to supply priests, nobles and city leaders with food, textiles and also other luxuries. The Aztec nonetheless, demonstrated some mercy. They allowed the seized tribes to continue to serve their own gods and keep their own governmental systems intact.

The Atzec men and women had no known written language, on the other hand, they had been able to leave written records. To achieve this, they used such techniques as hieroglyphics and images. Their verbal language was generally known as Nahuatl.

Many current Latin Americans have Aztec lineage or lineage that was influenced by the Aztec folk. The Aztec had been a conquering people and through their capturing or control of other folks, their influence became popular in the area.

Aztec History Of Human Sacrifice

The Aztec people also have a really tumultuous history. Many historians note the vast number of human sacrifices that had been made by the Aztec people to pacify the gods. The Aztec believed that such sacrifices were required to help keep the gods pleased and to ensure the existence of the human race. They thought that people alone could keep the gods pleased or rouse their displeasure. It's estimated that as much as 50,000 people had been sacrificed every year. The Aztec also involved in cannibalism for unique, religious ceremonies.

The Aztec people could best be characterised as survivors, conquerors and deeply religious. Their religious beliefs led them to sacrifice thousands upon thousands of people every year. As survivors, they were also able to free themselves from slavery and a migratory existence. As conquerors, they were in a position to enslave and colonize other tribes. At this time, the Aztec culture is one of the most fascinating and nicely explored. Aztec art, jewelry and culture are featured in many museums, books and movies.

About the Author:

The writer is enthusiastic about Aztec history and has a full webpage featuring the Aztecs. There you can obtain facts about Aztecs including this article. For more of Aztec history, see click here.

Bible Book of Revelation Interpretations About Global Economy

By Chloe Gib

A number of theorists have come up with suggestions that what is stated in the Bible and Book of Revelation is already being witnessed. The examples given are closure of businesses, massive employee layoffs and national financial deficits. The message is spiced by inclusion of attempts by some nations to acquire nuclear arms.

A proper understanding of what is contained is however difficult. Many symbols and signs are used to pass on the message about future happenings. Theologians have for many centuries tried to offer guidelines to the messages. Quite often, each religious group will have interpretations disputed by rival groups.

A different interpretation is however given by some scholars. The Bride of Christ is taken to mean those who have accepted salvation. This group is spread all over the globe. It is their attempt to stay away from sins that is likely to present challenges. They may face opposition from those who profess other faiths.

When one reads what apostle John talks about, he actually experiences a lot of fear. The world is supposed to come under a very powerful figure. The entire human race will profess allegiance to the ruler. The concern is that this influential figure is against the believers. Every action that he is involved in is meant to suppress the glory of God.

In early times, people expected the events mentioned to take place immediately. The usual attitude was that a special category of followers referred to as the Bride of Christ would soon receive their glorious ascension into heaven. The place at which they would rejoice eternally is described graphically.

The conviction that what is foreseen in holy books is about to be fulfilled is strengthened by the recent global economic meltdown. Massive job losses are being reported in many nations. Bail-out programs are not as successful promised by financial experts. Some people say that this is a prelude to the end times.

There is fear about the apocalypse. The disasters that the writer outlines are definitely not what anybody would like witness. Nor would any believer like to take part in physical contests as stated. The only good part is that about receiving the messiah as he returns in heavenly glory.

The Bible and Book of Revelation says that no human being knows when this will happen. Many earthly creatures can give estimates. The thing is that only the creator is privy to the actual date. Even the angels are not aware.

About the Author:

If you are looking for a fresh perspective on understanding Bible prophecy, end times and what the Word is saying about modern days, visit (http://www.understandingbibleprophecy.org)